Science and Technology in Theological Perspective

Most of the time, my posts address the latest developments in key areas of science and technology.

Occasionally, it’s helpful to stand back and ask whether it is possible to put these developments together into a broader picture. The speed of scientific discovery can make our heads spin. Can we put things together? Is it possible to offer a theologically coherent view of science and technology today?

One of the boldest attempts along this line is the “Pastoral Letter” released by the United Church of Christ early in 2008. The full title of the Letter is "A New Voice Arising: A Pastoral Letter on Faith Engaging Science and Technology."

When the Letter first appeared, one person to recommend it was Alan Leshner, Executive at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He wrote:

I am delighted to see the United Church of Christ's clear support of science. I believe that science and religion are complementary to each other, and should not be seen as competing ways of looking at the world; they are concerned with different questions. In an era of such rapid science and technology advances – advances that bring benefits as well as, at times, risks -- and when science and technology are becoming ever-more imbedded in every aspect of modern life, it is essential that we maintain an active dialogue among scientists, ethicists, and religious communities. In the same way that UCC states that it cannot ignore the context in which it functions, neither can the scientific community ignore its societal context. For this reason, we see a dialogue between science and religion as vital.

While science and technology have continued to advance rapidly since 2008, the themes expressed in the Letter remain current. Church groups have used it as a study document. Clergy have used it for sermons. My guess is that they will continue to do so.

Brain Regeneration: Mouse Brains and Human Futures

Embryonic stem cells are surprisingly capable of regenerating portions of the brains of mice according to a report published in the November 25 issue of the journal Science. What is unexpected about this report is not the extent of the repairs so much as where they occurred in the brain.

The hypothalamus, which is involved basic metabolism and complex behaviors, has usually been regarded as less open to regeneration, whether naturally or by biomedical intervention. Naturally, a limited number of neurons develop during adulthood, but these are not enough to restore this area of the brain after injury or disease. “The neurons that are added during adulthood in both regions are generally smallish and are thought to act a bit like volume controls over specific signaling,” explained Jeffrey Macklis of Harvard Medical School and one of the lead researchers in the study.

“Here we've rewired a high-level system of brain circuitry that does not naturally experience neurogenesis,” Macklis said, “and this restored substantially normal function.”

The report reached this conclusion: “these experiments demonstrate that synaptic integration… [by] donor neurons can impart an organism-level rescue of metabolic defects, thereby providing a proof of concept for cell-mediated repair of a neuronal circuit controlling a complex phenotype.”

While it is important to underscore that this work is performed on mice, the results suggest that something similar might be possible someday in human beings with brain injuries. “The finding that these embryonic cells are so efficient at integrating with the native neuronal circuitry makes us quite excited about the possibility of applying similar techniques to other neurological and psychiatric diseases of particular interest to our laboratory," according to Matthew Anderson in a press release issued by Harvard Medical School.

For now, research continues using mice as models for human disease or spinal cord injury. “The next step for us is to ask parallel questions of other parts of the brain and spinal cord, those involved in ALS and with spinal cord injuries,” according to Macklis. "In these cases, can we rebuild circuitry in the mammalian brain? I suspect that we can."

This study, coming so quickly on the heels of another report showing the functional integration of human embryonic stem cells into the mouse brain, suggests that embryonic stem cell research may indeed open new ways to treat brain disease or injury. Both studies, however, open the possibility that the use of technologies of brain regeneration will not stop with disease. As always, the growing power of medicine to treat disease is also an expansion of the possibility of human enhancement. All this if far in the future. But already, advocates of human enhancement have noticed its significance. See, for example, the re-posting of the original press release on Ray Kurweil's transhumanist blog.

The report, entitled “Transplanted Hypothalamic Neurons Restore Leptin Signaling and Ameliorate Obesity in db/db Mice,” appears in the November 25, 2011 issue of Science.